The Iowa property tax is primarily a tax on "real property," which is mostly land, buildings, structures, and other improvements that are constructed on or in the land, attached to the land, or placed upon a foundation. Typical improvements include a building, house or mobile home, fences, and paving.

The following six classes of real property are evaluated:

• Residential
• Agricultural
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Utilities/railroad (This class is assessed at the state level.)

The primary recipients of property taxes levied include:

• K-12 Schools
• Cities
• Counties
• Hospitals
• Merged Area Schools
• Assessors
• Townships
• Agricultural Extension Districts

Current details on property taxes paid and levied are available on the Website of the Iowa Department of Management.

All real property is assessed every two years in odd-numbered years. Centrally assessed properties including railroads and public utilities are assessed every year by the Iowa Department of Revenue.

Property Taxes are billed and collected by county government.  County Treasurers collect tax revenues and then distribute or allocate the dollars to local authorities.  Property tax supports many different "taxing authorities." Cities, counties, school districts, and townships are the most common. Taxing authorities may also include community college districts, agricultural extension districts, assessor offices, hospital districts, and sanitation districts. In addition, there are associations for fire protection, drainage, and other public needs that have authority to levy taxes.

Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority.

1. The value of property is established.

The assessor (or the Iowa Department of Revenue) estimates the value of each property. This is called the "assessed value." The assessed value is to be at actual or market value for most property taxes.

2. The assessments of all taxable properties are added together.

The assessor totals the assessed value in each classification and reports it to the county auditor.

3. The Department examines total assessed values and equalizes them.

Each assessor sends the reports, called "abstracts," to the Iowa Department of Revenue. The abstract shows the total values of all real property in each jurisdiction by classification of property, not by individual property.

A process called "equalization" is applied every two years to ensure that property values are comparable among jurisdictions and complies with Iowa code.

In addition, the "assessment limitation" is applied every year by the auditor. This process is commonly called "rollback" and is used in response to inflation. The application of the rollback results in taxable value in most cases.

4. Budgets are established.

Each taxing authority determines its own budget. The budget includes the cost of providing services, the amount of aid received from the federal and state governments, the amount of money remaining from previous years, and revenue from other charges for services.

Each approved budget is submitted to the county auditor.

5. A tax rate is established.

The county auditor divides the amount of the budget that is not funded by other sources by the taxable value of all the property in the taxing district.

The result is referred to as "dollars per thousand." For example, If the dollars per thousand were $10, the tax on a home valued at $50,000 would be calculated at $10 x 50. The tax on that home would be $500 for that single taxing authority.

The rates for all authorities are added together, resulting in a single tax levy called a consolidated levy for each unique set of taxing districts. The consolidated levy rate is always the result of two or more tax rates established by different government entities.

6. Credits are subtracted.

Credits such as the Homestead Credit are subtracted before a final tax bill is sent to the taxpayer.

Before you ever see your tax bill, two additional steps occur to test and adjust assessments to legal levels.

Equalization

In Step 3 above, the Iowa Department of Revenue is responsible for "equalizing" assessments every two years.  A general explanation of the purpose of equalization follows:

The Department of Revenue compares the assessors’ abstracts to a "sales assessment ratio study" completed independently of the assessors. If the assessment (by property class) is 5% or more above or below the median ration of the sales ratio study, the Department of Revenue increases or decreases the assessment to reach 100% of actual value. There are no sales ratio studies for agricultural and industrial property.

Equalization occurs on an entire class of property, not on an individual property. Equalization is applied based on an assessing jurisdiction, not on a statewide basis.

Equalization helps maintain equitable assessments among classes of property and among assessing jurisdictions. This contributes to more equitable distribution of state aid, including aid to schools. It also helps to equally distribute the total tax burden within the jurisdiction.

Assessment Limitation

Increases in assessed values for residential and agricultural property are subject to this assessment limitation formula. If the statewide increase in values of homes and farms, classified as residential or agricultural properties, exceeds 3% due to revaluation, the values of those properties are limited so that the total increase in aggregate value statewide is 3%. The Assessment Limitation for industrial and commercial property is 90%. Assessment Limitation for multiresidential property is:

• 86.25% for the 2015 Assessment
• 82.5% for the 2016 Assessment
• 78.75% for the 2017 Assessment
• 75% for the 2018 Assessment
• 71.25% for the 2019 Assessment
• 67.5% for the 2020 Assessment
• 63.75% for the 2021 Assessment
• House File 418 removed the classification of multiresidential for assessment years on or after January 1, 2022.

The Assessment Limitation for agricultural and residential property is allowed to fluctuate within the 3% limitation.  This does not mean that the assessment on your home will increase by only 3%. The Assessment Limitation is applied on a class of property, not an individual property. It means that the statewide total taxable value can increase by only 3% due to revaluation.

1. January 1 - Assessment date
2. April 1 - Assessors complete assessments and notify taxpayers
3. April 2 - 25 - Taxpayers may request informal review of assessment by assessor
4. On or before April 25 - Following informal review, Assessor may enter into a signed written agreement with the property owner or aggrieved taxpayer authorizing the assessor to correct or modify the assessment according to the agreement of the parties
5. April 2 - 30 - Taxpayers may protest assessments to local boards of review.
6. May 1 - May 31 - Local boards of review consider protests. This time may be extended to July 15 by the Iowa Department of Revenue Director.
7. June 15 - Local boards of review submit reports to the Director.
8. July 1 - Assessors submit abstracts of the assessments to the Director.
9. August 15 - The Department issues tentative equalization notices to assessors.
10. September - The Department holds equalization hearings, which are held for public input.
11. October 1 - The Department issues final equalization orders to county auditors.
12. October 2 - 12 - Assessing jurisdictions may apply for alternative methods of implementing equalization orders.
13. By October 8 - The county auditor must publish notice of the final equalization order by this date, and must provide notice by mail to the taxpayers if the equalization order results in an increase in valuation.
14. October 9 - 31 - Taxpayers may protest the final equalization order to local boards of review.
15. October 10 - November 15 - Local boards of review meet to hear equalization protests.
16. November 1 - The Director certifies assessment limitation percentages to county auditors.
17. November 15 - Local boards of review submit a report about the equalization protests to the Department.
18. Dec. 1 - Feb. 28 - The taxing authorities adopt the budgets based on the valuations.
19. March 1 - The county board of supervisors levies the taxes.
20. July 1 - The county treasurer receives authorization to collect taxes.
21. September 30 - First half of taxes are due.
22. March 31 - Second half of taxes are due.

Basically, three variables must interact to decrease or increase your property taxes:

• The combined budgets of the taxing authorities
• The total value of all the property in the taxing unit
• The taxable value of your property

Your taxes increase if...

• The budgets increase and the taxable value of all properties remain the same.
• The budgets and taxable value of property in the entire government unit remain the same but the taxable value of the individual’s property increases.
• The budgets and taxable value of the individual’s property remain the same but the value of the property in the entire government unit decreases.

Your taxes decrease if...

• The budgets decrease and the taxable values of all properties remain the same.
• The budgets and taxable value of property in the entire government unit remain the same but the taxable value of the individual’s property decreases.
• The budgets and taxable value of the individual’s property remain the same but the taxable value of the property in the entire government unit increases.

Why might you pay higher taxes than your neighbor?

Assessed value of a house depends on land size, square footage, type of construction, age, quality, location, story height, and condition, as well as other factors. Your assessed value is one component of the property tax burden. Other components include the levy rates for the various levy authorities including city, township, county, school district, and other levying authorities. You may also be a different classification than your neighbor, as different classes have a different The assessment limitation applied to them. These differences all contribute to different tax burdens.

Credits and exemptions such as Homestead, Ag Land, and Military would also make a difference in the overall tax burden.

Property owners who disagree with the assessor’s estimate of the market value of their property should ask themselves, "Could I sell this property for that amount today?" If the answer is yes, then the value is probably correct. However, every property owner has the right to protest an assessment.

Property owners or aggrieved taxpayers may contact their assessor and request an informal review of the assessment. Following this review the assessor may recommend the property owner file a protest with the local board or review, or may enter into a signed written agreement with the property owner authorizing the assessor to correct or modify the assessment according to the agreement of the parties.

Property owners or aggrieved taxpayers may protest their initial assessments to the local board of review by filing a written protest between April 2 and April 30 of each year. Boards of review meet annually in May to consider the protests.

In a reassessment year a property owner may protest an assessment for one or more of the following reasons:

• The assessment is not comparable to others with similar properties.
• The property is assessed at more than its actual value.
• The property is exempt from taxation.
• There is an error in the assessment.
• The assessment is fraudulent.

A property owner or aggrieved taxpayer may appeal the protest to the Property Assessment Appeal Board, if not satisfied with the board of review's decision. If dissatisfied with a property assessment appeal board decision, the decision may then be appealed to district court. In the alternative, property owners or aggrieved taxpayers may still file appeals directly with the district court and forego filing with the property assessment appeal board. Contact your assessor's office for more information.

Iowa offers a variety of total and partial exemptions and credits to the property tax. It is the property owner’s (or renter’s) responsibility to apply for these. Contact your assessor for information on the following:

• Agricultural land
• Art galleries
• Barn and one-room schoolhouse
• Cattle facility
• Cemeteries
• Data center
• Disabled veterans homestead
• Educational institutions
• Family farm credit
• Forest cover
• Forest reservations
• Fruit tree reservations
• Governments: state, cities, counties, townships
• Historic property rehabilitation
• Homestead credit
• Impoundment structures
• Industrial partial (427B)
• Industrial machinery and equipment and computers first assessed in Iowa for 1995 and thereafter
• Libraries/literary societies
• Low-income tax credit for elderly, disabled
• Low-income rent reimbursement for elderly, disabled
• Low-rent housing
• Methane gas conversion
• Military exemption
• Mobile home reduced rate for low income
• Native prairies
• Open prairies
• Personal property
• Pollution control and recycling
• Public grounds
• Recreational lakes
• Religious, charitable, benevolent associations
• Rivers and streams
• River and stream banks
• Special assessments for elderly, disabled, low income
• Speculative shell buildings
• Urban revitalization
• War veterans associations
• Web search portal
• Wetlands
• Wildlife habitats
• Wind energy conversion

Homestead Credit

The Homestead Credit is available to residential property owners that own and occupy their property as their primary residence. The credit is a reduction in the amount of property tax owed; it is not a refund.

To qualify for the credit, the property owner must be a resident of Iowa and actually live in the property on July 1 and for at least six months of every year. There are some exceptions for  people in the military and nursing homes who may otherwise qualify.

Sign-up for the credit is available at the assessor’s office by July 1 of the year the credit is first claimed. Once a person qualifies, the credit continues until the property is sold or until the owner no longer qualifies.

Military Exemption

Military veterans who (1) served on active duty and were honorably discharged or (2) members of reserve forces or Iowa National Guard who served at least 20 years qualify for this exemption. The veteran must apply with the local assessor. Once accepted, the exemption is ongoing.

Ag Land Credit

The Agricultural Land Tax Credit was originally established in 1939 to help offset higher farm taxes. The credit is available to all owners of agricultural land of 10 acres or more if the use is for agricultural or horticultural purposes. Land owners do not actually file a claim. The county auditor determines the amount of the credit for each taxpayer.

Family Farm Credit

Legislation was enacted in 1990 to provide $10 million for the Family Farm Tax Credit. The purpose was to give an additional property tax credit to qualified individual land owners who were actively engaged in farming the land. One application is required unless the ownership or a designated person changes.

Land used for agricultural or horticultural purposes in tracts of 10 contiguous acres or more may qualify for this credit. Buildings and other structures do not. The application may be filed any time; however, a claim signed after November 1 is considered a claim filed for the following year.

County and city assessors are not employees of the State or of the Iowa Department of Revenue.

How many are there?

• Counties: Each of Iowa’s 99 counties has one assessor.
• Cities: Seven Iowa cities have their own assessors. Any city with a population of more than 10,000 people may elect to have its own assessor.

What do they do?

An assessor’s primary duty is to value classify all real property, which includes residential, multiresidential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural. The Iowa Department of Revenue assesses public utilities and railroads.

What assessors do not do?

• Collect taxes
• Calculate taxes
• Determine the tax rate

How does someone become an assessor?

Assessors are appointed to 6-year terms. To be eligible, they must have a high school diploma or GED and pass an examination administered by the Iowa Department of Revenue. To be reappointed, they must successfully complete a continuing education program equal to 150 hours of classroom instruction during their 6-year terms.

County assessors are appointed by a conference board composed of the county board of supervisors, the mayors of all incorporated cities, and a board member from each school district who lives in the assessor’s jurisdiction.

City assessors are appointed by a conference board composed of the county board of supervisors, members of the city council, and all members of each school board.

How does an assessor value property?

Residential, multiresidential, commercial and industrial real estate is assessed at 100% of market value with few exceptions.

The assessor must determine the fair market value of the property. To do this, the assessor generally uses three approaches to value.

Market Approach: Analyze recent sales of similar properties that were sold and are comparable to your property. Determine the most probable sales price of the property being appraised.

• Cost Approach: Estimate how much money at current labor and material prices it would take to replace the property with one similar to it. This is useful when no sales of comparable properties exist.

Income Approach: If the property produces income, such as with an apartment or office building, estimate its ability to produce income and capitalize this into an estimated value.

Agricultural real estate is assessed at 100% of productivity and net earning capacity value.

The assessor considers the productivity and net earning capacity of the property. Agricultural income as reflected by production, prices, expenses, and various local conditions are taken into account.

The Iowa Department of Revenue assists local governments in making property tax assessments fair and in compliance with the law. It does not collect or use property taxes.

• Administers an examination which would-be assessors and deputy assessors must pass.
• Issues equalization orders to county auditors every two years by class of property.
• Provide technical assistance and educational programs for assessors and members of boards of review.
• Issues regulations on assessors, conference boards and boards of review.
• Assesses all utility and railroad properties.
• Issues payments to local governments for credits and exemptions specific to property tax.